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diff --git a/posts/unix/2021-01-15-root-on-zfs-a-zpool-of-mirror-vdevs-the-easy-way.html b/posts/unix/2021-01-15-root-on-zfs-a-zpool-of-mirror-vdevs-the-easy-way.html new file mode 100644 index 0000000..3fd0309 --- /dev/null +++ b/posts/unix/2021-01-15-root-on-zfs-a-zpool-of-mirror-vdevs-the-easy-way.html @@ -0,0 +1,375 @@ +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html> + <head> + <link rel="stylesheet" href="/includes/stylesheet.css" /> + <meta charset="utf-8" /> + <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> + <meta + property="og:description" + content="The World Wide Web pages of Adam Carpenter" + /> + <meta + property="og:image" + content="https://nextcloud.53hor.net/s/iBGxB7P3BKRbj9P/preview" + /> + <meta property="og:site_name" content="53hor.net" /> + <meta + property="og:title" + content="Root on ZFS: A ZPool of Mirror VDEVs The Easy Way" + /> + <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> + <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.53hor.net" /> + <title>53hornet ➙ Root on ZFS: A ZPool of Mirror VDEVs The Easy Way</title> + </head> + + <body> + <nav> + <ul> + <li> + <a href="/"> + <img src="/includes/icons/home-roof.svg" /> + Home + </a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/info.html"> + <img src="/includes/icons/information-variant.svg" /> + Info + </a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="https://git.53hor.net"> + <img src="/includes/icons/git.svg" /> + Repos + </a> + </li> + <li> + <a href="/hosted.html"> + <img src="/includes/icons/desktop-tower.svg" /> + Hosted + </a> + </li> + <li> + <a type="application/rss+xml" href="/rss.xml"> + <img src="/includes/icons/rss.svg" /> + RSS + </a> + </li> + </ul> + </nav> + + <article> + <h1>Root on ZFS: A ZPool of Mirror VDEVs</h1> + + <p class="description"> + I wanted/needed to make a root on ZFS pool out of multiple mirror VDEVs, + and since I'm not a ZFS expert, I took a little shortcut. + </p> + + <p> + I recently got a new-to-me server (yay!) and I wanted to do a + root-on-ZFS setup on it. I've really enjoyed using ZFS for my data + storage pools for a long time. I've also enjoyed the extra functionality + that comes with having a bootable system installed on ZFS on my laptop + and decided with this upgrade it's time to do the same on my server. + Historically I've used RAIDZ for my storage pools. RAIDZ functions + almost like a RAID10 but at the ZFS level. It gives you parity so that a + certain number of disks can die from your pool and you won't lose any + data. It does have a few tradeoffs however*, and for personal + preferences I've decided that for the future I would like to have a + single ZPool over top of multiple mirror VDEVs. In other words, my main + root+storage pool will be made up of two-disk mirrors and can be + expanded to include any number of new mirrors I can fit into the + machine. + </p> + + <p> + This did present some complications. First of all, + <code>bsdinstall</code> won't set this up for you automatically (and + sure enough, + <a + href="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/bsdinstall-partitioning.html" + >in the handbook</a + > + it mentions the guided root on ZFS tool will only create a single, + top-level VDEV unless it's a stripe). It will happily let you use RAIDZ + for your ZROOT but not the more custom approach I'm taking. I did + however use + <code>bsdinstall</code> as a shortcut so I wouldn't have to do all of + the partitioning and pool setup manually, and that's what I'm going to + document below. Because I'm totally going to forget how this works the + next time I have to do it. + </p> + + <p> + In my scenario I have an eight-slot, hot-swappable PERC H310 controller + that's configured for AHCI passthrough. In other words, all FreeBSD sees + is as many disks as I have plugged into the backplane. I'm going to fill + it with 6x2TB hard disks which, as I said before, I want to act as three + mirrors (two disks each) in a single, bootable, growable ZPool. For + starters, I shoved the FreeBSD installer on a flash drive and booted + from it. I followed all of the regular steps (setting hostname, getting + online, etc.) until I got to the guided root on ZFS disk partitioning + setup. + </p> + + <p> + Now here's where I'm going to take the first step on my shortcut. Since + there is no option to create the pool of arbitrary mirrors I'm just + going to create a pool from a single mirror VDEV of two disks. Later I + will expand the pool to include the other two mirrors I had intended + for. My selections were as follows: + </p> + + <ul> + <li>Pool Type/Disks: mirror mfisyspd0 mfisyspd1</li> + <li>Pool Name: zroot</li> + <li>Partition Scheme: GPT (EFI)</li> + <li>Swap Size: 4g</li> + </ul> + + <p> + Everything else was left as a default. Then I followed the installer to + completion. At the end, when it asked if I wanted to drop into a shell + to do more to the installation, I did. + </p> + + <p> + The installer created the following disk layout for the two disks that I + selected. + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +atc@macon:~ % gpart show +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd0 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) + +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd1 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + The installer also created the following ZPool from my single mirror + VDEV. + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +atc@macon:~ % zpool status + pool: zroot + state: ONLINE + scan: none requested +config: + + NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM + zroot ONLINE 0 0 0 + mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd0p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd1p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + +errors: No known data errors +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + There are a couple of things to take note of here. First of all, + <em>both</em> disks in the bootable ZPool have an EFI boot partition. + That means they're both a part of (or capable of?) booting the pool. + Second, they both have some swap space. Finally, they both have a third + partition which is dedicated to ZFS data, and that partition is what got + added to my VDEV. + </p> + + <p> + So where do I go from here? I was tempted to just + <code>zpool add mirror ... ...</code> and just add my other disks to the + pool (actually, I <em>did</em> do this but it rendered the volume + unbootable for a very important reason), but then I wouldn't have those + all-important boot partitions (using whole-disk mirror VDEVS). Instead, + I need to manually go back and re-partition four disks exactly like the + first two. Or, since all I want is two more of what's already been done, + I can just clone the partitions using <code>gpart backup</code> and + <code>restore</code>! Easy! Here's what I did for all four remaining + disks: + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +root@macon:~ # gpart backup mfisyspd0 | gpart restore -F mfisyspd2` +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + Full disclosure, I didn't even think of this as a possibility + <a + href="ihttps://unix.stackexchange.com/questions/472147/replacing-disk-when-using-freebsd-zfs-zroot-zfs-on-partition#472175" + >until I read this Stack Exchange post</a + >. This gave me a disk layout like this: + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +atc@macon:~ % gpart show +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd0 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) + +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd1 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) + +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd2 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) + +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd3 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) + +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd4 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) + +=> 40 3907029088 mfisyspd5 GPT (1.8T) + 40 409600 1 efi (200M) + 409640 2008 - free - (1.0M) + 411648 8388608 2 freebsd-swap (4.0G) + 8800256 3898228736 3 freebsd-zfs (1.8T) + 3907028992 136 - free - (68K) +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + And to be fair, this makes a lot of logical sense. You don't want a + six-disk pool to only be bootable by two of the disks or you're + defeating some of the purposes of redundancy. So now I can extend my + ZPool to include those last four disks. + </p> + + <p> + This next step may or may not be a requirement. I wanted to overwrite + where I assumed any old ZFS/ZPool metadata might be on my four new + disks. This could just be for nothing and I admit that, but I've run + into trouble in the past where a ZPool wasn't properly + exported/destroyed before the drives were removed for another purpose + and when you use those drives in future + <code>zpool import</code>s, you can see both the new and the old, failed + pools. And, in the previous step I cloned an old ZFS partition many + times! So I did a small <code>dd</code> on the remaining disks to help + me sleep at night: + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +root@macon:~ # dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/mfisyspd2 bs=1M count=100 +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + One final, precautionary step is to write the EFI boot loader to the new + disks. In + <a href="https://www.freebsd.org/doc/handbook/zfs-zpool.html" + >zpool admin handbook</a + > + it mentions you should do this any time you <em>replace</em> a zroot + device, so I'll do it just for safe measure on all four additional + disks: + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +root@macon:~ # gpart bootcode -p /boot/boot1.efifat -i 1 mfisyspd2 +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + Don't forget that the command is different for UEFI and a traditional + BIOS. And finally, I can add my new VDEVs: + </p> + + <pre> +<code> +root@macon:~ # zpool zroot add mirror mfisyspd2p3 mfisyspd3p3 +root@macon:~ # zpool zroot add mirror mfisyspd4p3 mfisyspd5p3 +</code> +</pre> + + <p>And now my pool looks like this:</p> + + <pre> +<code> +atc@macon:~ % zpool status + pool: zroot + state: ONLINE + scan: none requested +config: + + NAME STATE READ WRITE CKSUM + zroot ONLINE 0 0 0 + mirror-0 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd0p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd1p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mirror-1 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd2p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd3p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mirror-2 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd4p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + mfisyspd5p3 ONLINE 0 0 0 + +errors: No known data errors +</code> +</pre> + + <p> + Boom. A growable, bootable zroot ZPool. Is it easier than just + configuring the partitions and root on ZFS by hand? Probably not for a + BSD veteran. But since I'm a BSD layman, this is something I can live + with pretty easily. At least until this becomes an option in + <code>bsdintall</code> maybe? At least now I can add as many more + mirrors as I can fit into my system. And it's just as easy to replace + them. This is better for me than my previous RAIDZ, where I would have + to destroy and re-create the pool in order to add more disks to the + VDEV. Now I just create another little mirror and grow the pool and all + of my filesystems just see more storage. And of course, having ZFS for + all of my data makes it super easy to create filesystems on the fly, + compress or quota them, and take snapshots (including the live ZROOT!) + and send those snapshots over the network. Pretty awesome. + </p> + + <p> + * I'm not going to explain why here, but + <a + href="http://www.openoid.net/zfs-you-should-use-mirror-vdevs-not-raidz/" + >this is a pretty well thought out article</a + > + that should give you an idea about the pros and cons of RAIDZ versus + mirror VDEVs so you can draw your own conclusions. + </p> + </article> + </body> +</html> diff --git a/posts/unix/dear-god-why-are-pdf-editors-such-an-ordeal.html b/posts/unix/dear-god-why-are-pdf-editors-such-an-ordeal.html deleted file mode 100644 index 875cb32..0000000 --- a/posts/unix/dear-god-why-are-pdf-editors-such-an-ordeal.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,73 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> - <head> - <link rel="stylesheet" href="/includes/stylesheet.css" /> - <meta charset="utf-8" /> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> - <meta - property="og:description" - content="The World Wide Web pages of Adam Carpenter" - /> - <meta property="og:image" content="https://nextcloud.53hor.net/s/iBGxB7P3BKRbj9P/preview" /> - <meta property="og:site_name" content="53hor.net" /> - <meta property="og:title" content="All PDF Readers/Editors Suck" /> - <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> - <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.53hor.net" /> - <title>53hornet ➙ All PDF Readers/Editors Suck</title> - </head> - - <body> - <nav> - <ul> - <li> - <a href="/"> - <img src="/includes/icons/home-roof.svg" /> - Home - </a> - </li> - <li> - <a href="/info.html"> - <img src="/includes/icons/information-variant.svg" /> - Info - </a> - </li> - <li> - <a href="https://git.53hor.net"> - <img src="/includes/icons/git.svg" /> - Repos - </a> - </li> - <li> - <a href="/hosted.html"> - <img src="/includes/icons/desktop-tower.svg" /> - Hosted - </a> - </li> - <li> - <a type="application/rss+xml" href="/rss.xml"> - <img src="/includes/icons/rss.svg" /> - RSS - </a> - </li> - </ul> - </nav> - - <article> - <h1>All PDF Readers/Editors Suck</h1> - - <p>All PDF editors/mergers/tools either:</p> - - <ol> - <li>Cost hundreds of dollars</li> - <li>Require uploading private documents to a server for processing</li> - <li>Leave watermarks or charge you for "pro" features</li> - <li>Are blatant malware</li> - </ol> - - <p> - Except mupdf and mutool, which are absolutely amazing and I can't live - without them. - </p> - </article> - </body> -</html> |