Init.HEADmaster

16 files changed, 2675 insertions, 0 deletions

diff --git a/hw2/src/boundingBox.cpp b/hw2/src/boundingBox.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9708093
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/boundingBox.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#include "interval.h"
+#include "constants.h"
+#include "boundingBox.h"
+
+
+/////////////////
+// Constructor //
+/////////////////
+boundingBox::boundingBox(void)
+{
+  // create an empty box (i.e., 'left' lies right of 'right')
+  _lfb = vec3d(+LARGE);
+  _rbt = vec3d(-LARGE);
+}
+
+
+boundingBox::boundingBox(const vec3d& lfb, const vec3d& rbt)
+{
+  _lfb = lfb;
+  _rbt = rbt;
+
+  // Make sure each component in _lfb is smaller than _rbt
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < vec3d::size(); i++)
+    if(_rbt[i] < _lfb[i]) std::swap(_rbt[i], _lfb[i]);
+
+  // Done.
+}
+
+
+boundingBox::boundingBox(const boundingBox& bb)
+{
+  _lfb = bb._lfb;
+  _rbt = bb._rbt;
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Operator //
+//////////////
+boundingBox& boundingBox::operator=(const boundingBox& src)
+{
+  _assign(src);
+  return *this;
+}
+  
+
+boundingBox& boundingBox::operator+=(const boundingBox& bb)
+{
+  // compute the union of two bounding boxes
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < vec3d::size(); i++)
+  {
+    if(_lfb[i] > bb._lfb[i]) _lfb[i] = bb._lfb[i];
+    if(_rbt[i] < bb._rbt[i]) _rbt[i] = bb._rbt[i];
+  }
+
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+boundingBox boundingBox::operator+(const boundingBox& bb) const
+{
+  boundingBox result(*this);
+  result += bb;
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+boundingBox& boundingBox::operator+=(const vec3d& point)
+{
+  // expand the bounding box to include 'point' (+ a small epsilon)
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < vec3d::size(); i++)
+  {
+    if(_lfb[i] > point[i]-EPSILON) _lfb[i] = point[i]-EPSILON;
+    if(_rbt[i] < point[i]+EPSILON) _rbt[i] = point[i]+EPSILON;
+  }
+}
+
+
+/////////////
+// Methods //
+/////////////
+bool boundingBox::isHit(const ray& r) const
+{
+  // init
+  interval boxInterval(0, +LARGE);
+
+  // for every slab
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i != vec3d::size(); i++)
+  {
+    // compute the slab
+    interval slab(_lfb[i], _rbt[i]);
+    slab -= r.origin()[i];
+
+    // check for the case where the ray is parallel to the slab
+    if(fabs(r.direction()[i]) < EPSILON)
+    {
+      // if identical signs => no hit
+      if((slab.lower() < 0.0f) == (slab.upper() < 0.0f))
+	return false;
+
+      // skip remainder to this iteration
+      continue;
+    }
+    else
+      slab /= r.direction()[i];
+
+    // intersect
+    boxInterval.intersect(slab);
+    if(boxInterval.empty())
+      return false;
+  }
+
+  // Done.
+  return true;  
+}
+
+
+vec3d boundingBox::center(void) const
+{
+  return 0.5f * (_lfb + _rbt);
+}
+
+
+vec3d boundingBox::corner(bool left, bool front, bool bottom) const
+{
+  return vec3d( left ? _lfb.x : _rbt.x,
+		front ? _lfb.y : _rbt.y,
+		bottom ? _lfb.z : _rbt.z );
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Mutators //
+//////////////
+boundingBox& boundingBox::transform(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  boundingBox result;
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i <= 1; i++)
+    for(unsigned int j=0; j <= 1; j++)
+      for(unsigned int k=0; k <= 1; k++)
+	result += t.transformPoint(corner(i,j,k));
+
+  // Done.
+  _swap(result);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+boundingBox& boundingBox::inverseTransform(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  boundingBox result;
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i <= 1; i++)
+    for(unsigned int j=0; j <= 1; j++)
+      for(unsigned int k=0; k <= 1; k++)
+	result += t.inverseTransformPoint(corner(i,j,k));
+
+  // Done.
+  _swap(result);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void boundingBox::_swap(boundingBox& bb)
+{
+  swap(_lfb, bb._lfb);
+  swap(_rbt, bb._rbt);
+}
+
+
+void boundingBox::_assign(const boundingBox& bb)
+{
+  _lfb = bb._lfb;
+  _rbt = bb._rbt;
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/camera.cpp b/hw2/src/camera.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2e8daaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/camera.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#include <cmath>
+
+#include "constants.h"
+#include "camera.h"
+
+/////////////////
+// Constructor //
+/////////////////
+camera::camera(void)
+{
+  _eye = vec3d();
+  _view = vec3d(0.0f, 0.0f, -1.0f);
+  _up = vec3d(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
+  _fov = 60.0f;
+  _width = _height = 256;
+}
+
+
+camera::camera(const vec3d& eye, const vec3d& viewDirection, const vec3d& up, float fov, size_t xres, size_t yres)
+{
+  _eye = eye;
+  _view = normalize(viewDirection);
+  _up = normalize(up);
+  _fov = fov;
+  _width = xres;
+  _height = yres;
+
+  // fix up if needed
+  vec3d right = _view.cross(up).normalize();
+  _up = right.cross(_view).normalize();
+}
+
+
+camera::camera(const camera& cam)
+{
+  _eye = cam._eye;
+  _view = cam._view;
+  _up = cam._up;
+  _fov = cam._fov;
+  _width = cam._width;
+  _height = cam._height;
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+camera& camera::operator=(const camera& cam)
+{
+  _assign(cam);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+ray camera::operator()(float x, float y) const
+{
+  vec3d right = _view.cross(_up).normalize();
+
+  // aspect ratio
+  float aspect = (float)(_height) / (float)(_width);
+  float tanFov = tan(_fov / 180.0f * M_PI);
+
+  // compute view plane center, and U and V unnormalized axes.
+  vec3d center = _eye + _view;
+  vec3d U = 2.0f * tanFov * right;
+  vec3d V = -2.0f * tanFov * aspect * _up;  // y runs from top to bottom (opposite direction of up)
+
+  // get point on view plane
+  vec3d p = center + (x / (float)(_width) - 0.5f) * U + (y / (float)(_height) - 0.5f) * V;
+
+  // Done.
+  return ray(_eye, p - _eye);
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Mutators //
+//////////////
+void camera::frameBoundingBox(const boundingBox& bb)
+{
+  // determine the best eye location, given the other parameters and a bounding box such that the bounding box maximally occupies the view
+  vec3d right = _view.cross(_up).normalize();
+  _eye = 0.5f * (bb.corner(true,true,true) + bb.corner(false,false,false));
+
+  // => find max projection in up and right direction.
+  float maxRight=-LARGE, maxUp=-LARGE, maxDepth=-LARGE;
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < 8; i++)
+  {
+    vec3d c = bb.corner( (i&1)==1, (i&2)==2, (i&4)==4 ) - _eye;
+    
+    float r = fabs(c.dot(right));
+    float u = fabs(c.dot(_up));
+    float d = fabs(c.dot(_view));
+
+    maxRight = std::max(maxRight, r);
+    maxUp = std::max(maxUp, u);
+    maxDepth = std::max(maxDepth, d);
+  }
+
+  // => compute optimal distance for up and right
+  float aspect = (float)(_height) / (float)(_width);
+  float tanFov = tan(_fov / 180.0f * M_PI);
+  float optDistUp = fabs(maxUp / tanFov);
+  float optDistRight = fabs(maxRight / (tanFov * aspect));
+  
+  // => move _eye back based on (max) optimal distance
+  _eye -= _view * (std::max(optDistUp, optDistRight) + maxDepth);
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void camera::_swap(camera& cam)
+{
+  // sanity check
+  if(&cam == this) return;
+
+  // swap
+  swap(_eye, cam._eye);
+  swap(_view, cam._view);
+  swap(_up, cam._up);
+  std::swap(_fov, cam._fov);
+  std::swap(_width, cam._width);
+  std::swap(_height, cam._height);
+}
+
+
+void camera::_assign(const camera& cam)
+{
+  // sanity check
+  if(&cam == this) return;
+
+  // copy
+  _eye = cam._eye;
+  _view = cam._view;
+  _up = cam._up;
+  _fov = cam._fov;
+  _width = cam._width;
+  _height = cam._height;
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/color.cpp b/hw2/src/color.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b2b720f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/color.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,233 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include <cmath>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "color.h"
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+color::color(color::const_reference value)
+{ 
+  r = g = b = value;
+}
+
+
+color::color(color::const_reference r, color::const_reference g, color::const_reference b) 
+{
+  this->r = r;
+  this->g = g;
+  this->b = b;
+}
+
+
+color::color(const color& col)
+{
+  r = col.r;
+  g = col.g;
+  b = col.b;
+}
+ 
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+color::const_reference color::operator[](size_t index) const 
+{ 
+  assert(index < size());
+  return data[index]; 
+}
+
+
+color::reference color::operator[](size_t index) 
+{ 
+  assert(index < size());
+  return data[index]; 
+}
+
+
+color::iterator color::begin(void)
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+
+color::const_iterator color::begin(void) const
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+
+color::iterator color::end(void) 
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+color::const_iterator color::end(void) const
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+color& color::operator=(const color& col) 
+{ 
+  _assign(col); 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+bool color::operator==(const color& col) const 
+{ 
+  return (r == col.r) && (g == col.g) && (b == col.b); 
+}
+
+
+bool color::operator!=(const color& col) const 
+{ 
+  return (r != col.r) || (g != col.g) || (b != col.b); 
+}
+  
+
+color color::operator+(const color& col) const 
+{ 
+  return color(r + col.r, g + col.g, b + col.b); 
+}
+
+
+color color::operator-(const color& col) const 
+{ 
+  return color(r - col.r, g - col.g, b - col.b); 
+}
+
+
+color color::operator*(const color& col) const 
+{ 
+  return color(r * col.r, g * col.g, b * col.b); 
+}
+
+
+color color::operator*(color::const_reference scale) const 
+{ 
+  return color(r * scale, g * scale, b * scale); 
+}
+
+
+color color::operator/(const color& col) const 
+{ 
+  return color(r / col.r, g / col.g, b / col.b); 
+}
+
+
+color color::operator/(color::const_reference scale) const 
+{ 
+  return color(r / scale, g / scale, b / scale); 
+}
+
+
+color& color::operator+=(const color& col) 
+{ 
+  r += col.r; 
+  g += col.g; 
+  b += col.b; 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+color& color::operator-=(const color& col) 
+{ 
+  r -= col.r; 
+  g -= col.g; 
+  b -= col.b; 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+color& color::operator*=(const color& col) 
+{ 
+  r *= col.r; 
+  g *= col.g;
+  b *= col.b;  
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+color& color::operator*=(color::const_reference scale) 
+{ 
+  r *= scale; 
+  g *= scale; 
+  b *= scale; 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+color& color::operator/=(const color& col) 
+{ 
+  r /= col.r; 
+  g /= col.g; 
+  b /= col.b; 
+  return *this; 
+}							
+
+
+color& color::operator/=(color::const_reference scale) 
+{ 
+  r /= scale; 
+  g /= scale; 
+  b /= scale; 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+
+///////////////
+// Modifiers //
+///////////////
+color& color::abs(void)
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [](reference val) 
+  { 
+    if(val<0) val = -val;
+  });
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+color& color::clamp(const_reference lowerBound, const_reference upperBound)
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [&](reference val) 
+  { 
+    if(val < lowerBound) val = lowerBound;
+    else if(val > upperBound) val = upperBound; 
+  });
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void color::_assign(const color& col)
+{ 
+  r = col.r;  
+  g = col.g; 
+  b = col.b; 
+}
+
+
+void color::_swap(color& col) 
+{
+  std::swap(r, col.r);
+  std::swap(g, col.g);
+  std::swap(b, col.b);
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/errorMessage.cpp b/hw2/src/errorMessage.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3eddb6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/errorMessage.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "errorMessage.h"
+
+#include <cstdio>
+#include <cstdlib>
+
+void errorMessage(const char* msg, ...)
+{
+  printf("ERROR: ");
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, msg);
+  vprintf(msg, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  printf("\r\n");
+  exit(-1);
+}
+
+
+void warningMessage(const char* msg, ...)
+{
+  printf("WARNING: ");
+  va_list args;
+  va_start(args, msg);
+  vprintf(msg, args);
+  va_end(args);
+  printf("\r\n");
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/image.cpp b/hw2/src/image.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59434cc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/image.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "image.h"
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <cassert>
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+image::image(image::size_type width, image::size_type height) : _width(width), _height(height), _data()
+{
+  if(width != 0 && height != 0)
+    _data.reset(new value_type[width*height]);
+}
+
+
+image::image(image::size_type width, image::size_type height, const_reference col) : image(width, height)
+{
+  std::fill(begin(), end(), col);
+}
+
+
+image::image(const image& src) : image(src.width(), src.height())
+{
+  std::copy(src.begin(), src.end(), begin());
+}
+
+
+image::image(image&& src)
+{
+  _swap(src);
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+image::iterator image::begin(void)
+{
+  return _data.get();
+}
+
+
+image::const_iterator image::begin(void) const
+{
+  return _data.get();
+}
+
+
+image::iterator image::end(void)
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+image::const_iterator image::end(void) const
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+image& image::operator=(const image& src)
+{
+  _assign(src);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+image& image::operator=(image&& src)
+{
+  _swap(src);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+image::reference image::operator()(image::size_type x, image::size_type y)
+{
+  assert(x >= 0 && x < width());
+  assert(y >= 0 && y < height());
+  return begin()[y*width() + x];
+}
+
+
+image::const_reference image::operator()(image::size_type x, image::size_type y) const
+{
+  assert(x >= 0 && x < width());
+  assert(y >= 0 && y < height());
+  return begin()[y*width() + x];
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void image::_swap(image& img)
+{
+  std::swap(_width, img._width);
+  std::swap(_height, img._height);
+  std::swap(_data, img._data);
+}
+
+
+void image::_assign(const image& src)
+{
+  // sanity check
+  if(&src == this) return;
+
+  // make copy
+  image temp(src);
+  _swap(temp);
+
+  // Done
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/imageIO.cpp b/hw2/src/imageIO.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cee716b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/imageIO.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "util.h"
+#include "imageIO.h"
+#include "imageIO.ppm.h"
+#include "imageIO.pfm.h"
+#include "errorMessage.h"
+
+
+////////////
+// Import //
+////////////
+void importImage(const std::string& name, image& img)
+{
+  // get extension
+  std::string ext = getExtension(name);
+  if(ext == "") errorMessage("Unable to determine extension in '%s'.", name.c_str());
+
+  // call image format handler based on extension
+  if(ext == "PPM" || ext == "ppm") importPPM(name, img);
+  else if(ext == "PFM" || ext == "pfm") importPFM(name, img);
+  else errorMessage("Unknown image format: '%s'.", ext.c_str());
+}
+
+
+////////////
+// Export //
+////////////
+void exportImage(const std::string& name, const image& img)
+{
+  // get extension
+  std::string ext = getExtension(name);
+  if(ext == "") errorMessage("Unable to determine extension in '%s'.", name.c_str());
+
+  // call image format handler based on extension
+  if(ext == "PPM" || ext == "ppm") exportPPM(name, img);
+  else if(ext == "PFM" || ext == "pfm") exportPFM(name, img);
+  else errorMessage("Unknown image format: '%s'.", ext.c_str());
+}
+
diff --git a/hw2/src/imageIO.pfm.cpp b/hw2/src/imageIO.pfm.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..843b751
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/imageIO.pfm.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "imageIO.pfm.h"
+#include "errorMessage.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <fstream>
+
+//////////////////////
+// Helper functions //
+//////////////////////
+static void skipToNewline(std::ifstream& ifs)
+{
+  while(ifs.get() != '\n' && ifs.good()); 
+}
+
+static void skipComments(std::ifstream& ifs)
+{
+  while(!ifs.eof() && ifs.peek() == '#') skipToNewline(ifs); 
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Import PFM //
+////////////////
+void importPFM(const std::string& name, image& img)
+{
+  // open file
+  std::ifstream ifs(name.c_str());
+  if(!ifs.is_open()) errorMessage("Unable to open file: '%s'.", name.c_str());
+
+  // read header
+  std::string magicMark;
+  ifs >> magicMark;
+  skipToNewline(ifs);
+  if(magicMark != "PF") errorMessage("Unsupported PFM format (%s).", magicMark.c_str());
+
+  // read width and height
+  image::size_type width, height;
+  skipComments(ifs);
+  ifs >> width >> height;
+  skipToNewline(ifs);
+
+  // allocate
+  img = image(width, height);
+
+  // check magic number (again)
+  skipComments(ifs);
+  ifs >> magicMark;
+  skipToNewline(ifs);
+  if(magicMark != "-1.000000") errorMessage("Unsupported byte-order in PFM.");
+
+  // read directly in float image
+  ifs.read((char *)(img.begin()), img.size() * sizeof(color));
+
+  // Done.
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Export PFM //
+////////////////
+void exportPFM(const std::string& name, const image& img)
+{
+  // sanity check
+  assert(img.width() != 0 && img.height() != 0);
+
+  // open file
+  std::ofstream ofs(name.c_str());
+  if(!ofs.is_open()) errorMessage("Unable to open file: '%s'.", name.c_str());
+
+  // write header
+  ofs << "PF\n" << img.width() << " " << img.height() << "\n-1.000000\n";
+
+  // write float buffer
+  ofs.write((const char*)(img.begin()), img.size() * sizeof(color));
+
+  // Done.
+}
+
diff --git a/hw2/src/imageIO.ppm.cpp b/hw2/src/imageIO.ppm.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..28dbc31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/imageIO.ppm.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "imageIO.ppm.h"
+#include "errorMessage.h"
+
+#include <memory>
+#include <cassert>
+#include <cstdint>
+#include <fstream>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+//////////////////////
+// Helper functions //
+//////////////////////
+static void skipToNewline(std::ifstream& ifs)
+{
+  while(ifs.get() != '\n' && ifs.good()); 
+}
+
+static void skipComments(std::ifstream& ifs)
+{
+  while(!ifs.eof() && ifs.peek() == '#') skipToNewline(ifs); 
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Import PPM //
+////////////////
+void importPPM(const std::string& name, image& img)
+{
+  // open file
+  std::ifstream ifs(name.c_str());
+  if(!ifs.is_open()) errorMessage("Unable to open file: '%s'.", name.c_str());
+
+  // read header
+  std::string magicMark;
+  ifs >> magicMark;
+  skipToNewline(ifs);
+  if(magicMark != "P6") errorMessage("Unsupported PPM format (%s).", magicMark.c_str());
+
+  // read width & height
+  image::size_type width, height;
+  skipComments(ifs);
+  ifs >> width >> height;
+  skipToNewline(ifs);
+
+  // allocate
+  img = image(width, height);
+
+  // check magic number (again)
+  skipComments(ifs);
+  ifs >> magicMark;
+  skipToNewline(ifs);
+  if(magicMark != "255") errorMessage("Unsupported bit-depth in PPM file (%s).", magicMark.c_str());
+
+  // read char buffer
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> tempBuffer(new uint8_t[img.size() * 3]);
+  ifs.read((char *)(tempBuffer.get()), img.size() * 3);
+
+  // convert to image
+  std::transform(tempBuffer.get(), tempBuffer.get() + (img.size()*3), img.begin()->begin(), [](uint8_t val) 
+  { 
+    return (float)(val) / 255.0f; 
+  });
+
+  // Done.
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Export PPM //
+////////////////
+void exportPPM(const std::string& name, const image& img)
+{
+  // sanity check
+  assert(img.width() != 0 && img.height() != 0);
+
+  // open file
+  std::ofstream ofs(name.c_str());
+  if(!ofs.is_open()) errorMessage("Unable to open file: '%s'.", name.c_str());
+
+  // write header
+  ofs << "P6\n" << img.width() << " " << img.height() << "\n" << "255\n";
+
+  // convert to char buffer
+  std::unique_ptr<uint8_t[]> tempBuffer(new uint8_t[img.size() * 3]);
+  std::transform(img.begin()->begin(), img.end()->begin(), tempBuffer.get(), [](float val)
+  { 
+    return (val < 0.0f) ? 0 : 
+           (val > 1.0f) ? 255 : 
+           uint8_t(val*255); 
+   });
+    
+  // write body
+  ofs.write((const char*)(tempBuffer.get()), img.size() * 3);
+
+  // Done.
+}
+
+
diff --git a/hw2/src/interval.cpp b/hw2/src/interval.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4323cbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/interval.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "interval.h"
+#include "constants.h"
+
+//////////////////
+// Constrructor //
+//////////////////
+interval::interval(float lower, float upper)
+{
+  _lower = lower;
+  _upper = upper;
+
+  // ensure that _lower < _upper
+  if(_upper < _lower) std::swap(_upper, _lower);
+}
+
+
+interval::interval(const interval& i)
+{
+  _lower = i._lower;
+  _upper = i._upper;
+}
+
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+interval& interval::operator=(const interval& i)
+{
+  _assign(i);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+interval interval::operator+(float v) const
+{
+  return interval(_lower + v, _upper + v); 
+}
+
+
+interval interval::operator-(float v) const
+{
+  return interval(_lower - v, _upper - v); 
+}
+
+
+interval interval::operator*(float v) const
+{
+  return interval(_lower * v, _upper * v); 
+}
+
+
+interval interval::operator/(float v) const
+{
+  return interval(_lower / v, _upper / v); 
+}
+    
+
+interval& interval::operator+=(float v)
+{
+  _lower += v;
+  _upper += v;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+interval& interval::operator-=(float v)
+{
+  _lower -= v;
+  _upper -= v;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+interval& interval::operator*=(float v)
+{
+  _lower *= v;
+  _upper *= v;
+
+  // ensure that _lower < _upper
+  if(_upper < _lower) std::swap(_upper, _lower);
+
+  // Done.
+  return *this;
+}
+
+interval& interval::operator/=(float v)
+{
+  _lower /= v;
+  _upper /= v;
+
+  // ensure that _lower < _upper
+  if(_upper < _lower) std::swap(_upper, _lower);
+
+  // Done.
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+float interval::lower(void) const
+{
+  return _lower;
+}
+
+
+float interval::upper(void) const
+{
+  return _upper;
+}
+
+
+bool interval::empty(void) const
+{
+  return (_upper - _lower < EPSILON);
+}
+
+
+
+//////////////
+// Mutators //
+//////////////
+void interval::intersect(const interval& i)
+{
+  _lower = std::max(_lower, i._lower);
+  _upper = std::min(_upper, i._upper);
+}
+
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void interval::_assign(const interval& i)
+{
+  _lower = i._lower;
+  _upper = i._upper;
+}
+
+
+void interval::_swap(interval& i)
+{
+  std::swap(_lower, i._lower);
+  std::swap(_upper, i._upper);
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/mat3d.cpp b/hw2/src/mat3d.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7674777
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/mat3d.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include <cassert>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "mat3d.h"
+
+
+/////////////////
+// Constructor //
+/////////////////
+mat3d::mat3d(void)
+{
+  clear(0.0f);
+}
+
+
+mat3d::mat3d(mat3d::value_type diag)
+  : mat3d()
+{
+  setDiagonal(diag);
+}
+
+
+mat3d::mat3d(const vec3d& X, const vec3d& Y, const vec3d& Z)
+{
+  for(size_type i=0; i < 3; i++)
+  {
+    this->operator()(i,0) = X[i];
+    this->operator()(i,1) = Y[i];
+    this->operator()(i,2) = Z[i];
+  }
+}
+
+
+mat3d::mat3d(const mat3d& m)
+{
+  _data = m._data;
+}
+
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+mat3d::iterator mat3d::begin(void)
+{
+  return _data.begin();
+}
+
+
+mat3d::const_iterator mat3d::begin(void) const
+{
+  return _data.begin();
+}
+
+
+mat3d::iterator mat3d::end(void)
+{
+  return _data.end();
+}
+
+
+mat3d::const_iterator mat3d::end(void) const
+{
+  return _data.end();
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Mutators //
+//////////////
+void mat3d::clear(mat3d::value_type value)
+{
+  std::fill(begin(), end(), value);
+}
+
+
+void mat3d::setDiagonal(mat3d::value_type value)
+{
+  (*this)(0,0) = (*this)(1,1) = (*this)(2,2) = value;
+}
+
+
+mat3d& mat3d::transpose(void)
+{
+  for(size_type row=0; row < height(); row++)
+    for(size_type column=row+1; column < width(); column++)
+      std::swap( (*this)(row,column), (*this)(column,row) );
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+mat3d& mat3d::operator=(const mat3d& m)
+{
+  _assign(m);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+mat3d::reference mat3d::operator()(mat3d::size_type row, mat3d::size_type col)
+{
+  assert(row < height() && col < width());
+  return _data[ row*width() + col];
+}
+
+
+mat3d::const_reference mat3d::operator()(mat3d::size_type row, mat3d::size_type col) const
+{
+  assert(row < height() && col < width());
+  return _data[ row*width() + col];
+}
+
+
+mat3d mat3d::operator+(const mat3d& m) const
+{
+  mat3d result;
+  std::transform(begin(), end(), m.begin(), result.begin(), [](const_reference a, const_reference b)
+  {
+    return a+b;
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+mat3d mat3d::operator-(const mat3d& m) const 
+{
+  mat3d result;
+  std::transform(begin(), end(), m.begin(), result.begin(), [](const_reference a, const_reference b)
+  {
+    return a-b;
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+mat3d mat3d::operator*(const mat3d& m) const 
+{ 
+  mat3d result;
+  for(size_type i=0; i < result.height(); i++)
+    for(size_type j=0; j < result.width(); j++)
+      for(size_type k=0; k < width(); k++)
+	result(i,j) += (*this)(i,k) * m(k, j);
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+vec3d mat3d::operator*(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  vec3d result;
+  for(size_type i=0; i < height(); i++)
+    for(size_type j=0; j < width(); j++)
+      result[i] += v[j] * (*this)(i,j);
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+mat3d mat3d::operator*(mat3d::value_type scale) const 
+{
+  mat3d result;
+  std::transform(begin(), end(), result.begin(), [&](const_reference v)
+  {
+    return v * scale;
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+mat3d mat3d::operator/(mat3d::value_type scale) const 
+{
+  mat3d result;
+  std::transform(begin(), end(), result.begin(), [&](const_reference v)
+  {
+    return v / scale;
+  });
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+mat3d& mat3d::operator+=(const mat3d& m) 
+{ 
+  std::transform(begin(), end(), m.begin(), begin(), [](const_reference a, const_reference b)
+  {
+    return a+b;
+  });
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+mat3d& mat3d::operator-=(const mat3d& m) 
+{
+  std::transform(begin(), end(), m.begin(), begin(), [](const_reference a, const_reference b)
+  {
+    return a-b;
+  });
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+mat3d& mat3d::operator*=(const mat3d& m) 
+{
+  *this = *this * m;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+mat3d& mat3d::operator*=(mat3d::value_type scale) 
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [&](reference v)
+  {
+    v *= scale;
+  });
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+mat3d& mat3d::operator/=(mat3d::value_type scale) 
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [&](reference v)
+  {
+    v /= scale;
+  });
+  return *this; 
+}
+  
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void mat3d::_swap(mat3d& m)
+{
+  if(&m == this) return;
+  std::swap(_data, m._data);
+}
+
+
+void mat3d::_assign(const mat3d& m)
+{
+  if(&m == this) return;
+  _data = m._data;
+}
+
+
+vec3d mat3d::_premultiply(const vec3d& v) const
+{
+  // result = v * *this
+  vec3d result;
+  for(size_type i=0; i < height(); i++)
+    for(size_type j=0; j < width(); j++)
+      result[j] += v[i] * (*this)(i,j);
+  return result;
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/ray.cpp b/hw2/src/ray.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..18c839d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/ray.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#include "ray.h"
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+ray::ray(const vec3d& origin, const vec3d& direction)
+{
+  _origin = origin;
+  _direction = normalize(direction);
+}
+
+ray::ray(const ray& r)
+{
+  _origin = r._origin;
+  _direction = r._direction;
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+ray& ray::operator=(const ray& r)
+{
+  _assign(r);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+vec3d ray::operator()(float t) const
+{
+  return _origin + t*_direction;
+}
+
+
+float ray::operator()(const vec3d& point) const
+{
+  return _direction.dot(point - _origin);
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Mutators //
+//////////////
+ray& ray::transform(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  _origin = t.transformPoint(_origin);
+  _direction = t.transformDirection(_direction);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+ray& ray::inverseTransform(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  _origin = t.inverseTransformPoint(_origin);
+  _direction = t.inverseTransformDirection(_direction);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void ray::_swap(ray& r)
+{
+  swap(_origin, r._origin);
+  swap(_direction, r._direction);
+}
+
+
+void ray::_assign(const ray& r)
+{
+  _origin = r._origin;
+  _direction = r._direction;
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/transformation3d.cpp b/hw2/src/transformation3d.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bde9caa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/transformation3d.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "transformation3d.h"
+
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+transformation3d::transformation3d(void)
+{
+  _translation = vec3d();
+  _transformation = mat3d(1.0f);
+  _inverseTransformation = mat3d(1.0f);
+}
+
+
+transformation3d::transformation3d(const vec3d& translation, const mat3d& transformation, const mat3d& inverseTransformation)
+{
+  _translation = translation;
+  _transformation = transformation;
+  _inverseTransformation = inverseTransformation;
+}
+
+
+transformation3d::transformation3d(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  _translation = t._translation;
+  _transformation = t._transformation;
+  _inverseTransformation = t._inverseTransformation;
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Operator //
+//////////////
+transformation3d& transformation3d::operator=(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  _assign(t);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+transformation3d transformation3d::operator*(const transformation3d& t) const
+{
+  return transformation3d( transformPoint(t._translation),
+			   _transformation * t._transformation,
+			   t._inverseTransformation * _inverseTransformation);
+}
+
+
+transformation3d& transformation3d::operator*=(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  *this = *this * t;
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+//////////////
+// Mutators //
+//////////////
+transformation3d& transformation3d::invert(void)
+{
+  _translation = _inverseTransformation * (-_translation);
+  swap(_transformation, _inverseTransformation);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+/////////////
+// Methods //
+/////////////
+vec3d transformation3d::transformPoint(const vec3d& p) const
+{
+  // first transform, then translate
+  vec3d transformed = _transformation * p;
+  transformed += _translation;
+  
+  // Done.
+  return transformed;
+}
+
+
+vec3d transformation3d::transformDirection(const vec3d& d) const
+{
+  // Only apply transformation
+  vec3d transformed = _transformation * d;
+
+  // Done.
+  return transformed.normalize();
+}
+
+
+vec3d transformation3d::transformNormal(const vec3d& n) const
+{
+  // Don't apply translation.
+  // n' = (_transformation^T)^-1 * n
+  // n'^T = n^T * _transformation^-1
+  // n'^T = n^T * _inverseTransformation
+  vec3d transformed = n * _inverseTransformation;
+  
+  // Done.
+  return transformed.normalize();
+}
+
+
+vec3d transformation3d::inverseTransformPoint(const vec3d& p) const
+{
+  // for undo translation, then invert the transformation
+  vec3d transformed = p - _translation;
+  transformed = _inverseTransformation * transformed;
+
+  // Done.
+  return transformed;
+}
+
+
+vec3d transformation3d::inverseTransformDirection(const vec3d& d) const
+{
+  // Only invert the transformation
+  vec3d transformed = _inverseTransformation * d;
+
+  // Done.
+  return transformed.normalize();
+}
+
+
+vec3d transformation3d::inverseTransformNormal(const vec3d& n) const
+{
+  // Don't apply translation. Undo (transformation^T)^-1
+  vec3d transformed = n * _transformation;
+
+  // Done.
+  return transformed.normalize();
+}
+
+
+///////////////////////
+// Protected Methods //
+///////////////////////
+void transformation3d::_swap(transformation3d& t)
+{
+  std::swap(_translation, t._translation);
+  std::swap(_transformation, t._transformation);
+  std::swap(_inverseTransformation, t._inverseTransformation);
+}
+
+
+void transformation3d::_assign(const transformation3d& t)
+{
+  // avoid copying when self-assigning
+  if(&t == this) return;
+
+  // Copy
+  _translation = t._translation;
+  _transformation = t._transformation;
+  _inverseTransformation = t._inverseTransformation;
+
+  // Done.
+}
+
+
+void transformation3d::_print(std::ostream& s) const
+{
+  s << "{";
+  s << "Translation = " << _translation << ", ";
+  s << "Transformation = " << _transformation << ", ";
+  s << "Inverse Trans. = " << _inverseTransformation;
+  s << "}";
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/triangle.cpp b/hw2/src/triangle.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1e3990e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/triangle.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,451 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <algorithm>
+
+#include "triangle.h"
+#include "constants.h"
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+triangle::triangle(void)
+{
+  _vertex_list = nullptr;
+  _normal_list = nullptr;
+  _textureCoord_list = nullptr;
+}
+
+
+//////////////////////
+// Copy Constructor //
+//////////////////////
+triangle::triangle(const triangle& t)
+  : triangle()
+{
+  // share ptr to list
+  _vertex_list = t._vertex_list;
+  _normal_list = t._normal_list;
+  _textureCoord_list = t._textureCoord_list;
+
+  // copy indices
+  _vertex_idx = t._vertex_idx;
+  _normal_idx = t._normal_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx = t._textureCoord_idx;
+}
+
+
+//////////////////////
+// Move Constructor //
+//////////////////////
+triangle::triangle(triangle&& t)
+  : triangle()
+{
+  // swap list (no need to increment ref-count)
+  std::swap(_vertex_list, t._vertex_list);
+  std::swap(_normal_list, t._normal_list);
+  std::swap(_textureCoord_list, t._textureCoord_list);
+
+  // copy indices
+  _vertex_idx = t._vertex_idx;
+  _normal_idx = t._normal_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx = t._textureCoord_idx;
+}
+
+
+//////////////////////////
+// General Constructors //
+//////////////////////////
+triangle::triangle(const vec3d& v1, const vec3d& v2, const vec3d& v3)
+  : triangle()
+{
+  // create a list of three vertices
+  auto vertex_list = std::make_shared<std::vector<vec3d>>(3);
+  _vertex_list = vertex_list;
+
+  // copy values
+  (*vertex_list)[0] = v1;
+  (*vertex_list)[1] = v2;
+  (*vertex_list)[2] = v3;
+
+  // set indices
+  _vertex_idx = {0,1,2};
+}
+
+
+triangle::triangle(size_t v1_idx, size_t v2_idx, size_t v3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec3d>>& vertex_list)
+  : triangle()
+{
+  // share vertex list
+  _vertex_list = vertex_list;
+
+  // copy indices
+  _vertex_idx[0] = v1_idx;
+  _vertex_idx[1] = v2_idx;
+  _vertex_idx[2] = v3_idx;
+}
+
+
+
+triangle::triangle(const vec3d& v1, const vec3d& v2, const vec3d& v3,
+		  const vec3d& n1, const vec3d& n2, const vec3d& n3)
+  : triangle(v1, v2, v3)
+{
+  // create a list of three normals
+  auto normal_list = std::make_shared<std::vector<vec3d>>(3);
+  _normal_list = normal_list;
+
+  // copy values
+  (*normal_list)[0] = n1;
+  (*normal_list)[1] = n2;
+  (*normal_list)[2] = n3;
+
+  // set indices
+  _normal_idx = {0,1,2};
+}
+
+
+triangle::triangle(size_t v1_idx, size_t v2_idx, size_t v3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec3d>>& vertex_list,
+		     size_t n1_idx, size_t n2_idx, size_t n3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec3d>>& normal_list)
+  : triangle(v1_idx, v2_idx, v3_idx, vertex_list)
+{
+  // share normal list
+  _normal_list = normal_list;
+
+  // copy indices
+  _normal_idx[0] = n1_idx;
+  _normal_idx[1] = n2_idx;
+  _normal_idx[2] = n3_idx;
+}
+
+
+
+triangle::triangle(const vec3d& v1, const vec3d& v2, const vec3d& v3,
+		   const vec2d& t1, const vec2d& t2, const vec2d& t3)
+  : triangle(v1, v2, v3)
+{
+  // create a list of three texture coordinates
+  auto textureCoord_list = std::make_shared<std::vector<vec2d>>(3);
+  _textureCoord_list = textureCoord_list;
+
+  // copy values
+  (*textureCoord_list)[0] = t1;
+  (*textureCoord_list)[1] = t2;
+  (*textureCoord_list)[2] = t3;
+
+  // set indices
+  _textureCoord_idx = {0,1,2};
+}
+
+
+triangle::triangle(size_t v1_idx, size_t v2_idx, size_t v3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec3d>>& vertex_list,
+		   size_t t1_idx, size_t t2_idx, size_t t3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec2d>>& texcoord_list)
+  : triangle(v1_idx, v2_idx, v3_idx, vertex_list)
+{
+  // share normal list
+  _textureCoord_list = texcoord_list;
+
+  // copy indices
+  _textureCoord_idx[0] = t1_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx[1] = t2_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx[2] = t3_idx;
+}
+
+
+
+triangle::triangle(const vec3d& v1, const vec3d& v2, const vec3d& v3,
+		   const vec3d& n1, const vec3d& n2, const vec3d& n3,
+		   const vec2d& t1, const vec2d& t2, const vec2d& t3)
+  : triangle(v1, v2, v3, n1, n2, n3)
+{
+  // create a list of three texture coordinates
+  auto textureCoord_list = std::make_shared<std::vector<vec2d>>(3);
+  _textureCoord_list = textureCoord_list;
+
+  // copy values
+  (*textureCoord_list)[0] = t1;
+  (*textureCoord_list)[1] = t2;
+  (*textureCoord_list)[2] = t3;
+
+  // set indices
+  _textureCoord_idx = {0,1,2};
+}
+
+
+triangle::triangle(size_t v1_idx, size_t v2_idx, size_t v3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec3d>>& vertex_list,
+		   size_t n1_idx, size_t n2_idx, size_t n3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec3d>>& normal_list,
+		   size_t t1_idx, size_t t2_idx, size_t t3_idx, const std::shared_ptr<const std::vector<vec2d>>& texcoord_list)
+  : triangle(v1_idx, v2_idx, v3_idx, vertex_list,
+	     n1_idx, n2_idx, n3_idx, normal_list)
+{
+  // share normal list
+  _textureCoord_list = texcoord_list;
+
+  // copy indices
+  _textureCoord_idx[0] = t1_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx[1] = t2_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx[2] = t3_idx;
+}
+
+
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+const vec3d& triangle::vertex(size_t index) const
+{
+  // bounds check
+  assert(_vertex_list && index < 3);
+
+  // Done.
+  return (*_vertex_list)[_vertex_idx[index]];
+}
+
+
+const vec3d& triangle::normal(size_t index) const
+{
+  // bounds check
+  assert(_normal_list && index < 3);
+
+  // Done.
+  return (*_normal_list)[_normal_idx[index]];
+}
+
+
+const vec2d& triangle::textureCoordinate(size_t index) const
+{
+  // bounds check
+  assert(_textureCoord_list && index < 3);
+
+  // Done.
+  return (*_textureCoord_list)[_textureCoord_idx[index]];
+}
+
+
+bool triangle::hasPerVertexNormals(void) const
+{
+  return (bool)(_normal_list);
+}
+
+
+bool triangle::hasPerVertexTextureCoordinates(void) const
+{
+  return (bool)(_textureCoord_list);
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+triangle& triangle::operator=(const triangle& t)
+{
+  _assign(t);
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+triangle& triangle::operator=(triangle&& t)
+{
+  // swap list (no need to increment ref-count)
+  std::swap(_vertex_list, t._vertex_list);
+  std::swap(_normal_list, t._normal_list);
+  std::swap(_textureCoord_list, t._textureCoord_list);
+
+  // copy indices
+  _vertex_idx = t._vertex_idx;
+  _normal_idx = t._normal_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx = t._textureCoord_idx;
+
+  // Done.
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+/////////////
+// Methods //
+/////////////
+bool triangle::intersect(const ray& r, vec3d& barycentricCoord, float& t) const
+{
+  // HW2: Implement this.
+  //      Compute the intersection between the triangle (this) and the ray (r).
+  //      Use the method 'vertex(i)' to access the i-th vertex of the triangle (i=[0,1,2]).
+  //      Use the method 'normal()' to access the normal of the plane in which the traingle lies.
+  // Returns: bool (true if hit, false if not)
+  //          barycentricCoord (fill in alpha, beta, gamma barycentric coordinates
+  //                            of (vertex(0), vertex(1), and vertex(2)) if hit)
+  //          t (the distance at which the ray intersects => r(t) == intersection point)
+  float d, a1, a2, a3, area, alpha, beta, gamma;
+  vec3d n, q, p1, p2, p3;
+
+  d = -(vertex(0).dot(normal()));
+  t = (-((r.origin().dot(normal())) + d)) / (r.direction().dot(normal()));
+
+  if (t < 0) {return false;}
+
+  q = r.origin() + t * r.direction();
+  p1 = vertex(0);
+  p2 = vertex(1);
+  p3 = vertex(2);
+  n = (p2 - p1).cross(p3 - p1);
+  a1 = 0.5f * (p2 - q).cross(p3 - q).dot(n);
+  a2 = 0.5f * (p3 - q).cross(p1 - q).dot(n);
+  a3 = 0.5f * (p1 - q).cross(p2 - q).dot(n);
+  area = a1 + a2 + a3;
+  alpha = a1 / area;
+  beta = a2 / area;
+  gamma = a3 / area;
+
+  if (alpha < 0 || beta < 0 || gamma < 0) {return false;}
+
+  barycentricCoord = vec3d(alpha, beta, gamma);
+  return true;
+}
+
+
+boundingBox triangle::boundingbox(void) const
+{
+  boundingBox bb;
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < 3; i++)
+    bb += vertex(i);
+  return bb;
+}
+
+
+vec3d triangle::vertex(const vec3d& barycentricCoord) const
+{
+  vec3d result(0.0f);
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < 3; i++)
+    result += vertex(i) * barycentricCoord[i];
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+vec3d triangle::normal(void) const
+{
+  vec3d e1 = vertex(1) - vertex(0);
+  vec3d e2 = vertex(2) - vertex(0);
+  return e1.cross(e2).normalize();
+}
+
+vec3d triangle::shadingAxis(void) const
+{
+  // follow texture coordinates if defined, otherwise, return the first axis.
+  if(!_textureCoord_list) return normalize(vertex(1)-vertex(0));
+
+  // find the vector that follows the U-axis of the texture coordinates
+  // solve:
+  // [ (t1-t0) (t2-t0) ] [ delta_beta delta_gamma ]^T = [1 0]^T
+  // for delta_beta and delta_gamma.
+  vec3d v1 = vertex(1) - vertex(0);
+  vec3d v2 = vertex(2) - vertex(0);
+  vec2d t1 = textureCoordinate(1) - textureCoordinate(0);
+  vec2d t2 = textureCoordinate(2) - textureCoordinate(0);
+
+  // check special cases where U or V is aligned with a vertex
+  if( fabs(t1.v) < EPSILON ) return normalize(t1.u*v1);
+  if( fabs(t2.v) < EPSILON ) return normalize(t2.u*v2);
+
+  // compute delta_beta
+  float inv_delta_beta = t1.u - t1.v*t2.u/t2.v;
+
+  // => degenrate case
+  if(fabs(inv_delta_beta) < EPSILON) return normalize(v1);
+
+  float delta_beta = 1.0f / inv_delta_beta;
+  float delta_gamma = -delta_beta * t1.v / t2.v;
+
+  // compute U
+  return normalize( delta_beta*v1 + delta_gamma*v2 );
+}
+
+
+vec3d triangle::normal(const vec3d& barycentricCoord) const
+{
+  // sanity check
+  if(!hasPerVertexNormals()) return normal();
+
+  // interpolate
+  vec3d result(0.0f);
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < 3; i++)
+    result += normal(i) * barycentricCoord[i];
+  return result.normalize();
+}
+
+
+vec2d triangle::textureCoordinate(const vec3d& barycentricCoord) const
+{
+  // sanity check
+  if(!hasPerVertexTextureCoordinates()) return vec2d();
+
+  // interpolate
+  vec2d result(0.0f);
+  for(unsigned int i=0; i < 3; i++)
+    result += textureCoordinate(i) * barycentricCoord[i];
+  return result;
+}
+
+
+float triangle::area(void) const
+{
+  vec3d e1 = vertex(1) - vertex(0);
+  vec3d e2 = vertex(2) - vertex(0);
+  return 0.5f * sqrt( e1.squared_length() * e2.squared_length() );
+}
+
+
+vec3d triangle::sample(float r1, float r2, vec3d& barycentricCoord, float& pdf) const
+{
+  r2 = sqrt(r2);
+
+  // compute barycentric coordinate
+  barycentricCoord.x = r1*r2;
+  barycentricCoord.y = (1.0f - r2);
+  barycentricCoord.z = 1.0f - barycentricCoord.x - barycentricCoord.y;
+
+  // compute pdf
+  pdf = 1.0f / area();
+
+  // Done.
+  return vertex(barycentricCoord);
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void triangle::_assign(const triangle& t)
+{
+  // avoid self-assign
+  if(&t == this) return;
+
+  // share ptr to list
+  _vertex_list = t._vertex_list;
+  _normal_list = t._normal_list;
+  _textureCoord_list = t._textureCoord_list;
+
+  // copy indices
+  _vertex_idx = t._vertex_idx;
+  _normal_idx = t._normal_idx;
+  _textureCoord_idx = t._textureCoord_idx;
+}
+
+
+void triangle::_swap(triangle& t)
+{
+  // copy list ptr
+  std::swap(_vertex_list, t._vertex_list);
+  std::swap(_normal_list, t._normal_list);
+  std::swap(_textureCoord_list, t._textureCoord_list);
+
+  // copy indices
+  std::swap(_vertex_idx, t._vertex_idx);
+  std::swap(_normal_idx, t._normal_idx);
+  std::swap(_textureCoord_idx, t._textureCoord_idx);
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/util.cpp b/hw2/src/util.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..917eef4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/util.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+#include "util.h"
+
+
+std::string getFilename(const std::string& path)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  unsigned char pathSep = '\\';
+#else
+  unsigned char pathSep = '/';
+#endif
+  size_t start = path.find_last_of(pathSep);
+  size_t end = path.find_last_of(".");
+  if(start == std::string::npos) start = -1;
+  if(end == std::string::npos) end = path.size();
+  return path.substr(start+1, end-start-1);
+}
+
+
+std::string getExtension(const std::string& path)
+{
+  size_t lastidx = path.find_last_of("."); 
+  if(lastidx == std::string::npos) return std::string();
+  else return path.substr(lastidx+1, std::string::npos);
+}
+
+
+std::string getDirectory(const std::string& path)
+{
+#ifdef _WIN32
+  unsigned char pathSep = '\\';
+#else
+  unsigned char pathSep = '/';
+#endif
+  size_t lastidx = path.find_last_of(pathSep);
+  if(lastidx == std::string::npos) return std::string();
+  return path.substr(0, lastidx+1);
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/vec2d.cpp b/hw2/src/vec2d.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ae12e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/vec2d.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "vec2d.h"
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+vec2d::vec2d(vec2d::const_reference value)
+{ 
+  x = y = value;
+}
+
+
+vec2d::vec2d(vec2d::const_reference x, vec2d::const_reference y) 
+{
+  this->x = x;
+  this->y = y;
+}
+
+
+vec2d::vec2d(const vec2d& v)
+{
+  x = v.x;
+  y = v.y;
+}
+ 
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+vec2d::const_reference vec2d::operator[](size_t index) const 
+{ 
+  assert(index < size());
+  return data[index]; 
+}
+
+
+vec2d::reference vec2d::operator[](size_t index) 
+{ 
+  assert(index < size());
+  return data[index]; 
+}
+
+
+vec2d::iterator vec2d::begin(void)
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+
+vec2d::const_iterator vec2d::begin(void) const
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+
+vec2d::iterator vec2d::end(void)
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+vec2d::const_iterator vec2d::end(void) const
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+vec2d& vec2d::operator=(const vec2d& v) 
+{ 
+  _assign(v); 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+bool vec2d::operator==(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return (x == v.x) && (y == v.y); 
+}
+
+
+bool vec2d::operator!=(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return (x != v.x) || (y != v.y); 
+}
+  
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator-(void) const
+{
+  return vec2d(-x, -y);
+}
+
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator+(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec2d(x + v.x, y + v.y); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator-(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec2d(x - v.x, y - v.y); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator*(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec2d(x * v.x, y * v.y); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator*(vec2d::const_reference scale) const 
+{ 
+  return vec2d(x * scale, y * scale); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator/(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec2d(x / v.x, y / v.y); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d vec2d::operator/(vec2d::const_reference scale) const 
+{ 
+  return vec2d(x / scale, y / scale); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::operator+=(const vec2d& v) 
+{ 
+  x += v.x; 
+  y += v.y; 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::operator-=(const vec2d& v) 
+{ 
+  x -= v.x;
+  y -= v.y;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::operator*=(const vec2d& v) 
+{ 
+  x *= v.x;
+  y *= v.y;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::operator*=(vec2d::const_reference scale) 
+{ 
+  x *= scale;
+  y *= scale;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::operator/=(const vec2d& v) 
+{ 
+  x /= v.x;
+  y /= v.y;
+  return *this; 
+}							
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::operator/=(vec2d::const_reference scale) 
+{ 
+  x /= scale;
+  y /= scale;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+
+///////////////
+// Modifiers //
+///////////////
+vec2d::value_type vec2d::dot(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return (x*v.x + y*v.y);
+}
+
+
+vec2d::value_type vec2d::squared_length(void) const 
+{ 
+  return dot(*this); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d::value_type vec2d::length(void) const 
+{ 
+  return sqrt(squared_length()); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d::value_type vec2d::squared_distance(const vec2d& v) const 
+{
+  return (*this - v).squared_length(); 
+}
+
+
+vec2d::value_type vec2d::distance(const vec2d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return sqrt(squared_distance(v)); 
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Modifiers //
+///////////////
+vec2d& vec2d::abs(void)
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [](reference val) 
+  { 
+    if(val < 0) val = -val; 
+  });
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+vec2d& vec2d::normalize(void)
+{ 
+  *this /= length();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void vec2d::_assign(const vec2d& v)
+{ 
+  x = v.x;  
+  y = v.y; 
+}
+
+
+void vec2d::_swap(vec2d& v) 
+{
+  std::swap(x, v.x);
+  std::swap(y, v.y);
+}
diff --git a/hw2/src/vec3d.cpp b/hw2/src/vec3d.cpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3b20ad5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/hw2/src/vec3d.cpp
@@ -0,0 +1,287 @@
+/******************************************************************/
+/* This file is part of the homework assignments for CSCI-427/527 */
+/* at The College of William & Mary and authored by Pieter Peers. */
+/* No part of this file, whether altered or in original form, can */
+/* be distributed or used outside the context of CSCI-427/527     */
+/* without consent of either the College of William & Mary or     */
+/* Pieter Peers.                                                  */
+/******************************************************************/
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <algorithm>
+#include "vec3d.h"
+
+//////////////////
+// Constructors //
+//////////////////
+vec3d::vec3d(vec3d::const_reference value)
+{ 
+  x = y = z = value;
+}
+
+
+vec3d::vec3d(vec3d::const_reference x, vec3d::const_reference y, vec3d::const_reference z) 
+{
+  this->x = x;
+  this->y = y;
+  this->z = z;
+}
+
+
+vec3d::vec3d(const vec3d& v)
+{
+  x = v.x;
+  y = v.y;
+  z = v.z;
+}
+ 
+
+////////////////
+// Inspectors //
+////////////////
+vec3d::const_reference vec3d::operator[](size_t index) const 
+{ 
+  assert(index < size());
+  return data[index]; 
+}
+
+
+vec3d::reference vec3d::operator[](size_t index) 
+{ 
+  assert(index < size());
+  return data[index]; 
+}
+
+
+vec3d::iterator vec3d::begin(void)
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+
+vec3d::const_iterator vec3d::begin(void) const
+{
+  return data;
+}
+
+
+vec3d::iterator vec3d::end(void)
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+vec3d::const_iterator vec3d::end(void) const
+{
+  return begin() + size();
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Operators //
+///////////////
+vec3d& vec3d::operator=(const vec3d& v) 
+{ 
+  _assign(v); 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+bool vec3d::operator==(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return (x == v.x) && (y == v.y) && (z == v.z); 
+}
+
+
+bool vec3d::operator!=(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return (x != v.x) || (y != v.y) || (z != v.z); 
+}
+  
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator-(void) const
+{
+  return vec3d(-x, -y, -z);
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator+(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec3d(x + v.x, y + v.y, z + v.z); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator-(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec3d(x - v.x, y - v.y, z - v.z); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator*(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec3d(x * v.x, y * v.y, z * v.z); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator*(vec3d::const_reference scale) const 
+{ 
+  return vec3d(x * scale, y * scale, z * scale); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator/(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return vec3d(x / v.x, y / v.y, z / v.z); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::operator/(vec3d::const_reference scale) const 
+{ 
+  return vec3d(x / scale, y / scale, z / scale); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::operator+=(const vec3d& v) 
+{ 
+  x += v.x; 
+  y += v.y; 
+  z += v.z; 
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::operator-=(const vec3d& v) 
+{ 
+  x -= v.x;
+  y -= v.y;
+  z -= v.z;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::operator*=(const vec3d& v) 
+{ 
+  x *= v.x;
+  y *= v.y;
+  z *= v.z;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::operator*=(vec3d::const_reference scale) 
+{ 
+  x *= scale;
+  y *= scale;
+  z *= scale;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::operator/=(const vec3d& v) 
+{ 
+  x /= v.x;
+  y /= v.y;
+  z /= v.z;
+  return *this; 
+}							
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::operator/=(vec3d::const_reference scale) 
+{ 
+  x /= scale;
+  y /= scale;
+  z /= scale;
+  return *this; 
+}
+
+
+
+///////////////
+// Modifiers //
+///////////////
+vec3d::value_type vec3d::dot(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return (x*v.x + y*v.y + z*v.z);
+}
+
+
+vec3d::value_type vec3d::squared_length(void) const 
+{ 
+  return dot(*this); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d::value_type vec3d::length(void) const 
+{ 
+  return sqrt(squared_length()); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d::value_type vec3d::squared_distance(const vec3d& v) const 
+{
+  return (*this - v).squared_length(); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d::value_type vec3d::distance(const vec3d& v) const 
+{ 
+  return sqrt(squared_distance(v)); 
+}
+
+
+vec3d vec3d::cross(const vec3d& v) const
+{
+  return vec3d(y*v.z - z*v.y,
+	       z*v.x - x*v.z,
+	       x*v.y - y*v.x); 
+}
+
+
+///////////////
+// Modifiers //
+///////////////
+vec3d& vec3d::abs(void)
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [](reference val) 
+  { 
+    if(val < 0) val = -val; 
+  });
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::clamp(vec3d::value_type lower, vec3d::value_type upper)
+{
+  std::for_each(begin(), end(), [&](reference val) 
+  { 
+    if(val < lower) val = lower; 
+    else if(val > upper) val = upper;
+  });
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+vec3d& vec3d::normalize(void)
+{ 
+  *this /= length();
+  return *this;
+}
+
+
+/////////////////////
+// Private Methods //
+/////////////////////
+void vec3d::_assign(const vec3d& v)
+{ 
+  x = v.x;  
+  y = v.y; 
+  z = v.z; 
+}
+
+
+void vec3d::_swap(vec3d& v) 
+{
+  std::swap(x, v.x);
+  std::swap(y, v.y);
+  std::swap(z, v.z);
+}